Alternative education Essay

One of the world’s issues of today is on context of education. Many education conventions have been organized to discuss on matters relevant on the development of educational goals and programs. Education should be considered as one factor in the development of man as the most significant since it brings all breakthroughs in all walks of life. From the time of primitive education to the medieval period, education has been playing a great role in the lives of every citizen and the state in general. The very first task of educational contenders was and is to set educational development goals. The challenge of all educational institutions today is to produce a curriculum that will earn high productivity as in lifelong education. The institution should be more focused on creating opportunities where learners can exercise their abilities and potentials. There must be that sense of self-education in order for them to perform better jobs in the real world because their education is gained not only by mere transfer of learning but through applying their skills into the real life setting. Today, people are conscious of searching for breakthroughs be it scientific, cultural, or educational, in order to improve the quality of life. This is one goal in education that must be taken in to account from time to time because it is through this that improvements and developments take place. Along with these breakthroughs, rapid changes in the society’s way of life bring a lot of conflicts in the human life. By conflict, man faces several challenges that will test his true capacity and knowledge in resolving his own issues. That is, by inculcating in the learners the culture of being sensitive to the needs of the people and the nation brings a lot of pressure in our educational today. People are not trained to satisfy themselves but to see to it that the whole nation can benefit what one person is enjoying out of something. However, in the advent of various educational programs and projects, long term education program is still best to be implemented. This is in response to different curriculum reforms to attain quality delivery of instruction. The national government through the education department, has been looking for ways and means in order to help sustain these long term programs in order to provide a standard and suitable curriculum for every Filipino and attain progress in the academe. Moreover, the Department of Education has laid the three millennium development goals to help attain the Education for All by the year 2015. These goals include accessibility, quality, and sustainability. These goals will help improve the number of Filipino children to be in school and complete their education as prescribed by them of their age and as mandated by the constitution of which education is a right. These millennium development goals of the Education for All (EFA) enable schoolchildren to harness their faculties in improving their way of life and participate in the development process in educational reform and societal progress. According to the UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education, Russian Federation, education will become a social institute providing people with various educational opportunities. With this end in view school and university curricula should be diversified to enable everyone to make up their own educational trajectory in compliance with their aptitudes, thus creating the basis to implement the principle Education for all. Thus, in the Philippines various projects have been undertaken in order to qualify the implementation the Education for All. These projects include MADRASAH (for Moslem schoolchildren), Education for Indigenous Peoples, inclusion of values education in the curriculum, strengthening the higher order thinking skills type of questions in every learning area, the implementation of National Achievement Test (a standardized test), the participatory school improvement planning, the integration of information and communications technology in education (ICT4E), the decentralization of management including the downloading of maintenance and other operating expenses (MOOE) to specific schools, and the conduct of various trainings and national competency examinations. These are some of the approaches in order to carry out the implementation of Education for All. Nevertheless, Article XIV of the 1987 Philippine Constitution cited that the Department of Education as the only agency in the Philippine government, responsible for education and manpower development. It further stated that the state shall protect and promote the right of every citizen to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make education accessible to all. This is still in line with the context that education is a right and is for all. Whether a schoolchild is in the formal or non-formal education, what matters most is his assumption of his respective role in the society, the virtues he shall live with, and the use of his capabilities in attaining the long term goal in education that contributes to the total progress and development of the nation. At the end of the day we do realize that the search for an adequately structured educational system, is to secure our lives from the many challenges of the outside world at all sorts. Hence, education in the new society shall be within the context of national development and value formation in order to help build a nation other than ourselves. —oo0oo—

Principles of Maintaining Stationary Stock Essay

1 ) 1. 1 – Explain the intent of doing certain stationary stock is maintained and controlled? A good degree of stationary stock should ever be maintained and controlled because it makes treating easier and saves blowing clip. Normally a company will hold one individual in charge of the stock and that individual will hold the responsibilities of keeping any stock. Smaller companies are easier to keep than larger 1s. Large companies can hold much more of a trenchant undertaking as they will necessitate a batch more stock or stationary. Besides within a larger company there will be more sections so it will be made a small harder. The individual responsible has to bare in head any budgets the employer/manager had put in topographic point. There are different ways of which you can command the degrees of the stock but these are yet once more different with each and every company. A hebdomadal or biweekly look into on stock is normally the most effectual manner. Checking stock degrees will besides assist to detect what stationary is used more within their company. This will demo what is more relevant in purchasing. If the stock is non checked or maintained so the degrees can drop. This can ensue into the company disbursement more money to acquire the equipment/stock they need from a high street store and this can so thwart many workers/managers. 1. 2 – Describe factors that may impact the future degree of demand for stationary stock. Their will be many factors that may impact the future degree of stationary stock. One of these is the cost of the stationary itself. All. if non most. companies are doing cut in their disbursement and this is one section that may experience the cut more than others. Employees will be asked to utilize less stock whilst working and bespeaking orders for stock. These may go declined if the individual in charge thinks that the company will non necessitate the stationary or it is non required. Besides another factor is the usage of engineering. Technology is everlastingly increasing and going a bigger portion in everyone’s lives. This means more administrations will be utilizing the cyberspace a batch more. E-mailing more to cut the cost of paper and it is a quicker manner to direct messages or to pass on and run their concern. Letterss are going a less frequent manner of pass oning. Th is will do each company cut down on the quality of paper. ink. envelopes and casts that are used. 1. 3 – Explain the intent of doing certain value of money is obtained when telling stock. The intent of doing certain value of money is obtained when telling stock is indispensable. Each company needs to guarantee that they are non blowing any unneeded money and that the stock you are telling is really needed. The individual in charge of telling demands to believe about the bringing costs. quality and measure costs. They besides need to believe about using minimal orders but can still cover everything that will be needed. The value of money is most of import because no company wants to be blowing money on merchandises that cant be afforded or on stationary the habit be used. The individual who is responsible for all this needs to hold a good think about what truly needs to be ordered and if it is necessary in the environment. Besides to cognize if it is environmentally friendly earlier merely telling anything and everything they want to. 2 ) 2. 1 – Describe how to order. receive. shop and dispose stationary stock points. Ordering ; before you even get down to order you need to cognize who your providers are. If you don’t already have a provider so you need to happen one. You will necessitate to happen a provider that is suited to you and your company. When taking a company you will necessitate to see these things ; Are there any bringing charges? Do I have to put a minimal order? Do they sell all the stock we need? Are their monetary values competitory or really expensive? How long does it take for an order to come through? You may happen it easier to compose a list of the stationary ( stock list ) you will necessitate so you can pick a provider that fits your demands. Once you have found the provider you will be utilizing so you will necessitate to travel through the catalogue or online and order what you need. Besides the individual responsible for this will necessitate to be cognizant of their budget and that they do non travel over. Receive ; When you do have the stock. it is better to look into the bringing notes against what has been delivered to guarantee that all the stock you need or ordered is their. You will necessitate to look into the reception and look into everything they say is there is really there and is non defective. You will necessitate to place directly off if there are any jobs or any stationary missing. Lastly you will necessitate to direct the reception up the finance so they can look into it against the bill and do certain all the monetary values add up and no 1s is being over charged or under charged. Shop ; when hive awaying the stationary you should revolve it so it is the oldest foremost. Storage should be in a nice neat order and organised so you can see what you have and what you don’t have. Revolving stationary isn’t the most of import thing to make but it is still advisable so that pens and Tipex do non dry out and the paper doesn’t acquire creased or even moistures. When hive awaying stationary it is best to maintain all things the same together and take count to see how many there is so you know for following clip when it comes to tell how much you should order. Dispose ; when disposing stationary you need to first work out what can be recycled. or if it is environmentally friendly and what merely needs to be put in a normal bin. Most companies now like a concern with an environmentally friendly provider. They will look at the manner they package the merchandises so it makes it easier to dispose of the packaging. How near a company is to their concern is of import to cut down on the transporting costs.

Quality Management for Organizational Excellence: Total Quality Pioneers Essay

In this paper, Philip Crosby will be discussed as one of the pioneers of total quality. Quality will be defined and also total quality will be discussed about how each contributed to Philip Crosby’s success. Additionally, it will be explained why quality is useful in today’s business environment. Quality and Total Quality Defined In today’s world the majority of consumers require their products and services have quality. Quality is performance to the standard expected by the customer, meeting customer needs the first time and every time, doing the right thing right the first time (Goetsch, 2010). Quality is defined as â€Å"a dynamic state associated with products, services, people, processes, and environments that meets or exceeds expectations and helps produce superior value† (Goetsch, 2010, p. 5). The dynamic state of quality will change in the future as time goes on. Total quality is the collective quality concepts pulled together as one comprehensive approach to conducting business (Goetsch, 2010). Total quality is achieved through strategy, obsession with quality, teamwork, education and training, employee involvement, and customer focus in addition to many other aspects of quality. If any element of total quality is not present, then total quality has not and cannot be achieved. Philip Crosby Philip Crosby was a director for ITT Corporation for 14 years until 1979 when he opened his own company called Philip Crosby Associates. Philip Crosby Associates was an international consulting firm on quality improvements for businesses. Crosby defined quality as conformance to requirements and was known for his theory of zero defects management and prevention. Crosby also introduced Quality Vaccine that consisted of three ingredients: 1) Determination, 2) Education, and 3) Implementation. Many companies and managers also use Crosby’s concept of â€Å"doing it right the first time† (Boti, 2011). With conformance to requirements, quality is considered customer satisfaction and compliance with certain standards is required. Crosby’s zero defect management sets the standard that errors are not tolerated, and there are no acceptable levels of non-quality; hence doing it right the first time (Boti, 2011). Prevention, as Crosby describes, is â€Å"quality should not be controlled, it must be done† (Boti, 2011, pg. 205). Last, quality measure is the cost of non-compliance with quality. Quality Today and the Future Organizations that apply Crosby’s quality management concepts to their business strategies have demonstrated they can remain successful in the business environment. Crosby’s values of understanding the importance of employee and customer education have helped to create consistency in quality, increase productivity, increase profitability, and customer satisfaction. Companies using outdated management approaches are missing opportunities for innovation and growth. Organizations that understand and embrace the dynamic element of quality management will be prepared for the ever changing environment and unknown circumstances that may arise. The future for businesses that have managed the trends in quality will have a better competitive advantage to those who do not. Conclusion Elements of quality may differ from person to person and is constantly changing. Organizational awareness of changes is essential to remain competitive and necessary to produce a better quality product. Long-term success of a business is driven by quality and an organizations ability to continuously improve the quality of its product or service.

Diseases among Elderly People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diseases among Elderly People - Essay Example thromboxane A2 that promotes a cascade of events leading ultimately to clot formation. Increased homocysteine levels affect the inner lining of the arterial wall, and thus have long been implicated in the causation of thrombosis (Scott, J. and Weir, D., 1996). In fact, increased homocysetine levels associated with syndrome of homocysteinuria are acknowledged to be a cause of intravascular thrombosis. It has been observed that plasma homocysteine is normally converted to methionine co-factored by folic acid correlates in the body. When this reaction is impaired due to deficiency of cobalamine; since cobalamine regulates folate metabolism, it is deranged leading to elevated homocysteine levels (Mayer, E.L., Jacobsen, D.W., and Robinson, K., 1996). High plasma homocysteine, thus, will predispose to increased thrombosis, although it is not yet known whether hyperhomocysteinaemia due to folic acid deficiency predisposes to thrombosis or alters its response to treatment (Welch, G.N. and Loscalzo, J., 1998). This proposal aims to study the effect of folic acid on the elderly in terms of risk of coronary artery disease as relevant to prevention of thrombosis in preexisting atherosclerotic heart disease in terms of incidence of myocardial infarction (Bots, M.L. et al., 1999).Increasingly, healthcare is focusing towards prevention of disease rather than treating it after the catastrophe happens. Coronary artery disease manifested by acute myocardial infraction is one of the most common diagnoses in developed countries throughout the world. The mortality rate of the disease is 30% with over half the patients expiring even before they are able to reach the hospital. Survival from a heart...Research nurses will screen the medical records and exclude patients who have a history of coronary heart diseases or patients who are taking drugs known to interfere with folic acid, or taking vitamin supplements containing folic acid. Patients will be eligible for inclusion if aged 65 years or more and if their medical histories include two or more of the following conditions: diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity or smoking. All eligible individuals will receive a letter from the hospital explaining the study, followed by a telephone call inviting them to attend the first visit and instructing them to fast from midnight the night before the visit. At the first visit, all baseline measurements will be taken. Research nurses will take general information, such as, name, age, sex, phone number, address, smoking history, marital status, socioeconomic factors, and the names and phone numbers of two or three friends or relatives who always know how to reach the participants. Drugs history including aspirin or other anticoagulants, antihypertensive, anti-angina, and lipid-lowering drugs will be reviewed. Study procedures will be explained to all subjects. Subjects who are unlikely to complete follow-up due to plans to move or due to disease likely to be fatal within 4 years, or unwilling to participate will be excluded from the study. Ethics: All subjects will be explained the study protocol, and a written informed consent will

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Corporate governance - Essay Example All executive board refers to a unitary board structure whose directors are employees of the company. It is mostly popular among the privates and subsidiary companies in the United Kingdom. Executive board members are well versed with operations of the company and are more equipped with information about the company hence they can make better decisions. All executive board is criticized for non-effective corporate governance because the board performs both the management and governance roles. Majority executive board refers to the unitary board structure whose most board members are drawn from employees of the company and the remaining minority (outsiders) chosen outside the company. It is more effective in promoting effective corporate governance as compared to all executive board. However, when voting is done, the decisions of the majority (executive members) wins thus board capacity to undertake thorough outside monitoring is undermined. Executive directors are company’s em ployees operating under a contract serve while the non-executive directors operate under the contract of service. Majority non-executive board refers to a unitary board structure whose members are largely drawn from outside the company and the remaining minority (executive) members are drawn from the employees of the company. This is considered most effective unitary board structure that contributes to the effective corporate governance because majority (non executive) directors are concerned with company’s governance. However, outsiders may lack adequate information about the company because they do not have day to day contact with company’s operations (Macey, 2008, p. 55). On the other hand, Solomon (2007, p.78) said Two-Tier Board Structure refers to a board structure with two separate boards. One board is called management board and it comprises all executives. It is headed by the chief executive officer and

Reinterpreting a Tourism Experience Dissertation

Reinterpreting a Tourism Experience - Dissertation Example The Florida coastal leads the path and assists the guest in identifying the unique creatures on the island and the sandbars. The dolphin discovery boat tours are the most adventurous tour since this is the place where fresh water and salt mingle. There are more than 4000 species of animals and plants which includes a list of 35 species that are considered as endangered or threatened. Birds which include pelicans, herons, spoonbills, osprey and bald eagles are commonly found here. Numerous species of fish abide in this island. Each outing offers new adventure to its guest. The Dolphin Discovery Centre assists the visitors in exploring the fascinating behavior of the wild dolphins (Edensor 59-81).  The fascination of dolphins attracts the guest, the dolphins interacting with the humans and boats, media portrayal and performances in Marine Park such as flipper are responsible for increasing the popularity of the concerned destination. The marine environment offers many opportunities f or visiting the wildlife and tourist in natural setting. The spot increases the motivation and the expectation of the tourists. The activities organized by the camp ranges from the small scale beach combining to large scale luxury cruises. The tours are dedicated to one particular species or depend upon the opportunistic sighting of a range of wild life. The most significant form of wildlife tourism is marine mammal tourism. It is associated with increasing the desire of the human to interact with the mammals.

Principles of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Principles of Leadership - Essay Example Development of the appropriate mental model for leadership is thus important. Means to develop an appropriate mental model were also uncovered in classroom practical discussions. I intend using the knowledge gained from these sessions to act as a guideline in developing the appropriate mental model for enhancing leadership skills in me. In addition, Northhouse 2010 provides two key ingredients of leadership, which are behavioural abilities and diagnostic abilities. The essence of successful leadership lies in selecting strategies that are practical than rather leaning on idealistic goals. In this lies the importance of the evaluation of behavioural abilities and the diagnostic abilities of the leader (Whetten & Cameron 2011). Classroom discussions have arrived at the conclusion that the important factors of evaluation of the group environment gives vital clues to the leader on what can be achieved based on the communication structures in an organization, which may not be at idealisti c levels. In such a scenario, a potential leader has the necessary information to develop realistic strategies to decrease the variance between the actual situation and an ideal situation. In short, it is this diagnostic ability that allows a leader to mould behaviour in an organization to get as close as what the ideal situation needs to be (Bennis 2007). The ability to choose the required behavioural abilities provides a leader with the greater chance of achieving this objective (Zaccaro 2007). Based on this understanding of development of leadership skills, I have evolved the following strategies towards development of leadership skills in me: Work with a leadership guru. - find someone whom I feel confident with and learn from him/her. It is my belief that these interactions will open my horizon to new experiences and ideas. Invite opinions and accept criticisms. Look for other people eager to give direct, truthful, decisive opinions or criticisms. I should look for opinions fro m a multitude of viewpoints and be willing to accept them. Be compassionate. Be an attentive listener. I should create an approachable impression, so that people around me will not be hesitant to raise their concerns. Persevere to gain the integral leadership features in any way possible. I should strive to possess the ‘axioms of effective leadership’ such as healthy attitude, moral worth, and so on. Personal Development Plan I have chosen to use the SMART principles in my personal development plan. I have been moved to this decision by the purposeful statement of Battley, 2006, 127, â€Å"The SMART method is an old workhorse that remains effective, based on proven principles of adult learning.† As far as leadership is concerned SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time bound objectives (Dennis & Meola, 2009, 38). SMART principles in tabular form provided as Appendix – 1. What do these mean in real terms? Specific stands for det ailed and concise objectives. Measurable is quantifiable objectives. Achievable are realistic and feasible objectives. Relevant is for high value and desirable objectives and time bound means that the objectives do not stretch into infinity (Battley, 2006, 127). Specific Objectives The specific objectives that I have chosen for my leadership development plan are skills for evaluating the behavioural culture in a group of

Organizing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizing Paper - Essay Example Human resources An organisation’s success is greatly dependent on the human resources employed in that particular organisation. The talent and professional abilities inherent in the human resource is demonstrated by tact in duty performance. Starbucks has invested in ensuring that it has the right talent and ability in place perfected by professionalism. The company also banks on the motivation of employees to realize its profitability. It has greatly relied on its baristas and other frontline staff to getting the best customer. The recruitment process at Starbucks outlines the need for hiring the right people to the organisation, where right people are placed in the selection and training of new employees (Dess, Lumpkin, & Eisner 20). According to Barney (18), the diversity of the management team and the organisational commitment to training of its staff makes the company to be a market leader in innovation in market differentiation. The company competitively remunerates its employees to maintain them and avoid staff turnover. The company has continuously strived to give an unrivalled work environment by means of offering strong management and benefit packages that are above the industry set standards (Dess, Lumpkin, & Eisner 16). ... the employees get time to meet and exchange their experiences they are able to learn between themselves new skills and tact on ways of meddling through the daily business activities. Knowledge The company’s knowledge about what strategy to put in action is instrumental to the success of the company. The various strategies to be applied at particular times are a key antidote to the progress of the company. Horizontal integration used by the company to gain market dominance and presence, this has been achieved through acquisitions of Seattle’s best, Torrefazione Italia and Coffee People all these have been major coffee shops. The knowledge of the significance of acquiring these shops was important in making the decision. Market penetration is crucial to a company presence; the company has established this through differentiation and product placement. Outside the retail stores is also a unique strategy not adapted by other shops. The company’s knowledge of consumer s shopping and consumption habits is important in designing and packaging its products in a manner that consumers find appealing. The company has greatly utilised this information in ensuring that it concentrically diversifies its bottled drinks, ice creams and liqueur (Barney 22). A market has to be developed continuously in order to ensure continued growth of the company. This has been facilitated by the knowledge of the firm to diversify its market by educating its consumers of the value of its products and the speciality of the coffee the company sells to its consumers (Dess, Lumpkin & Eisner 27). The shops are also well versed with the various tastes of consumers as pertaining to music and movies such that the company stands a good ground in offering these to its consumers as they visit their shops,

Global Company and Diversity and the Bottom Line Essay

Global Company and Diversity and the Bottom Line - Essay Example A concept of purpose and a sense of direction strengthen an organization’s ability to survive in changing circumstances and environment. In organizations, large numbers of people congregate under one roof in a joint pursuit of purpose. The organization then sets itself up to harness the creativity of the people for maximum effectiveness. A primary business objective is being profitable, and managers must explain and justify business performance and decisions in light of this objective (Toulmin, Rieke, & Janik, 1984). In this regard, there have been several studies which support that managing diversity in organizations contribute to profitability. diverse business situations will undoubtedly have effects on both the corporate bottom line and on one’s own career prospects†. It is in this regard that this essay is written primarily to evaluate theories and concepts surrounding diversity in organizations in terms of its effect or contribution to the corporate bottom line. Specifically, this paper aims to answer the following questions: (1) what specific aspects make an organization diverse? (2) What value does a diverse, versus a homogenous, organizational culture have to the bottom line? (3) What value does a diverse workforce offer individual workers? And finally, (4) what organizational policies and procedures need to be in place to create and support a diverse workforce? DiTomaso (1999) revealed that there are several factors which influence diversity in organizations, to wit: â€Å"(a) the changing demographic structure of the U.S., (b) the increased importance of globalization to profits and long-term survival in many companies, and (c) changes in the structure of how work gets done†. An organization, being composed of different people should take into account the following diversity attributes: race, ethnicity, gender, class, sexual orientation, physical abilities, age and generation, region, industry, occupation, function,

Science and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Science and Technology - Essay Example The division between science and technology has a long history, but there have been numerous instances when science has furthered the efforts of technology or vice versa and this has brought the two fields into closer contact. For most of history, there has been a sharp division between science and technology. Dan Berger (2000) points out that science is â€Å"the investigation of nature† while technology is â€Å"how we get things done.† As a result, there is no need for the two fields to co-exist. Throughout history, this has proven again and again to be the case. Berger illustrates how the Greeks tended to have a great deal of science, but not so much technology, primarily because the thinkers and the artisans were isolated from each other through a highly exclusive social system. At roughly the same period in time, the Egyptians had a high level of technological knowledge, but not a great deal of science because, while they had great ambitions and ideas, they tended to discourage any close questioning of their traditional belief systems. In his book Society and Technological Change, Rudi Volti addresses these concepts as well as he traces the relationship between science and technology t hrough the Roman era, the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance. In spite of this, it has often been seen throughout history that science has helped to inform significant technological advancements at the same time that technological advancements have helped to further science. In the past, it has typically been the discoveries of science that were translated, eventually, into uses of technology. An example of this might be discovered in the ‘science’ of Leonardo da Vinci, who spent a great deal of time studying the mechanical processes at work that enable a bird to fly. Although he felt he understood the process, these discoveries

The Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Organization - Essay Example s profitability helped to the expansion of the organizational activities worldwide; currently, the firm’s sites operate in Britain, Ireland and Continental Europe. In 2009 the firm’s revenues were estimated to 447,661 (million pounds); in 2008 the revenues of the firm reached the 431, 062 (million pounds). The growth of the firm has led to its listing in ‘FTSE 250 and FTSE All Share indices’ (Stobard Group, Investors, Listing Information). A key point in the firm’s growth seems to be its acquisition by WA Developments International (in 2004); the firm’s new owners introduced important changes in the firm’s culture leading the organization to become one of the most powerful players in the British logistics industry. Stobard Group is among the UK’s major competitors in the logistics industry; the firm was first established in 1970; today, the firm’s sites in Britain, Europe and Ireland are estimated to 40 (corporate website, 2010); through the decades, the firm’s structure has been changed being aligned with the increased organizational needs – the expansion of the firm’s sites within and outside Britain led to the need for changes in organizational size and structure; the organizational culture can be characterized as stable; interventions have been made aiming to increase the firm’s competitiveness in its industry. The firm started as a family business – in 1960; in 1970 Eddie Stobart Limited was established under the control of Eddie and Edward Stobart; it was in 2004 that the firm’s ownership changed drastically; the firm was acquired by WA Developments International – a firm ‘owned by Andrew Tinkler and William Stobart’ (Stobart Group, History); up today the firm is under the control of A. Tinkler and W.Stobart who have introduced significant changes in organizational structure and culture – a fact that also positively affected the firm’s position in its industry. As noted above, the firm was first established as a

The Coffee Crisis Essay Example for Free

The Coffee Crisis Essay To begin, The Coffee Crisis is about an acute coffee crisis and how it threatens millions of small coffee farmers around the world and is putting economic growth, as well as social and political stability, at risk in scores of coffee producing countries in Central and South America, Africa and Asia. In 2004, the governments of coffee producing countries were considering how to respond to the dramatic decline in coffee prices caused in part by a large increase in coffee production in Brazil and Vietnam. Coffee was the main source of income for roughly 25 million farmers, mostly small land holders, in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Coffee prices had hit 40 year lows in 2001 and had remained low since, resulting in real hardship for many farmers. A variety of alternative solutions had been suggested. (Gomez-Ibanez Quinlan, 2004) The International Coffee Organization was advocating increasing demand through programs promoting coffee consumption; the Inter-American Development Bank supported promotion but also thought some high-cost countries should get out of coffee, while the non-governmental organization Oxfam was pushing fair trade pricing. The coffee crisis is worldwide. It is affecting farmers in Central America, South America, Africa, and Asia. While the Arabica farmers in Costa Rica may be getting 40 cents per pound for their coffee cherries, the Robusta coffee farmers in Viet Nam are only receiving 15 cents a pound for theirs. Even the low cost producers are not benefiting from the current situation. This condition is created because the market place does not view coffee as a true commodity. It places premiums and discounts on both coffee types and coffee grades. While both markets may move up and down in tandem, the arbitrage, or spread between one Arabica and Robusta, does not give one farmer an economic competitive advantage over another. This fact tends to get glossed over in most economic discussions on the coffee crisis. Many analysts believe that oversupply is at the root of the present crisis. After the system of coffee export quotas (the International Coffee Agreement, or ICA), administered by the International Coffee Organization, collapsed in 1989, the regulation of coffee production and quality was left to each individual producer country. Almost immediately following the dissolution of the agreement, excessive quantities of coffee entered international markets, prices became quite volatile and the overall quality of the coffee began to decline. Many of the coffee producing nations, including Mexico, were simultaneously in the process of deregulating, privatizing, and otherwise liberalizing agricultural production and national agricultural institutions. This had the effect of exacerbating the uncertainties faced by coffee farmers at the end of the 1980s. The coffee crisis is structural. It was not caused by the cyclical nature of coffee agriculture that has produced the â€Å"boom-bust† cycles of the past. The change in the market place has been brought about by the concentration of buying power in the hands of a few firms that present coffee to the consumer as a â€Å"blended and branded† product, void of any links to type and grade. This has led to intense price competition for market share that has rewarded increased market share to low cost products in the short run at the expense of stability in the supply chain in the long run. Since the crisis is a structural problem and not a cyclical one, remedies are to be found by taking intervening actions. These actions would include a strengthening of coffee institutions, a realignment of market forces, a creation of suitable financial tools, and a promotion of sustainable agricultural practices. It must be emphasized that any direct market intervention, such as quotas or subsidies, would only be short term in effect and would not correct the structural problems. It must also be emphasized that what is required is a series of steps in a number of different areas, as no single step will produce the desired structural changes that are needed. The crisis in the coffee sector continues. Its impact cannot be understated, since coffee constitutes the livelihood of an estimated 25 million families around the world. In world trade, coffee is the second leading commodity, after petroleum. The worldwide coffee market spans some 71 countries, of which 51 are significant producers and 20 are key consumers. Prices have not kept up with production costs to the extent needed to make participation in the coffee business profitable for most producers, even though the crop year 2003-2004 witnessed a worldwide decrease in production. (Central America The Coffee Crisis: Effects and Strategies for Moving Forward, 1992) In coffee producing countries, which account for over 26% of world consumption, the situation is more diverse. In some countries, prices of coffee have fallen in local currency and consumption may therefore be stimulated. In Brazil, the largest coffee market among producing countries, the devaluation of the real has maintained prices of green coffee at pre-crisis levels. As a whole, consumption in these markets is not expected to suffer any major negative impact. The root cause of the coffee crisis can be linked to three factors: over production; under consumption; and market oligopoly. In short, these are all problems associated with the economics of coffee farming. Without resolution, they will lead to both social and environmental breakdowns. (Central America The Coffee Crisis: Effects and Strategies for Moving Forward, 1992). The crisis has been caused by a large increase in coffee production over the past several years by two countries Vietnam and Brazil. In the case of Vietnam, within ten years this country grew from a relatively insignificant producer to the world second largest – ahead of Colombia but behind Brazil, now producing well over 10 million bags annually and accounting for approximately 12% of world exports. (Central America The Coffee Crisis: Effects and Strategies for Moving Forward, 1992) To conclude, without economic remedies to the crisis, it is difficult to promote sustainable agricultural practices in coffee farming. While niche markets within the specialty coffee industry can provide some relief, the size of these markets makes them too small to be an effective solution. References: Central America The Coffee Crisis: Effects and Strategies for Moving Forward. (1992, July 19). Retrieved February 4, 2012, from Latin American and Carribean: http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/0,,contentMDK:20606092~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:258554,00. html Gomez-Ibanez, J. , Quinlan, S. J. (2004). The Coffee Crisis.

Analysing The Theories Of Social Behavior Sociology Essay

Analysing The Theories Of Social Behavior Sociology Essay The Green Mile movie was fundamentally made to show the harm that human beings inflicted on other members of their species, some degree of corruption and high levels of crime in the society that called for large number of executions in Green Mile. Seemingly, there was little or no regard for morality and obedience to social norms governing the society. Greem Mile was a term reffering to death row in Louisiana State Penintiary, where prisoners were held as they waited for their execution. The movie illustrates the true nature of death penalty, showing how cruel and barbaric it was (Darabont). The symbolic nature of the film portrays a care-free type of society, whereby Eduards adopted mouse represents freedom. The mouse could come and go away without any restrictions. He was never trapped and he seemed to fully enjoy life as clearly seen through his daily circus activities. This clearly shows the level of freedom enjoyed by members of this society, without cultural or social barriers. This is evidently so due to high levels of crime comitted. Too many executions were carried out in Green Mile (Darabont). This is a clear presentation of Durkheims theory of functionalism perspective which embraces crime as a normal and functional practice in any society. According to this theory, crime is normal because in every society, there exists some level of crime. It is equally functional as it serves to reinforce social norms, provide the raw material for social change and provide a kind of safety valve for social discontent, where people could simply disobey the law, rather than se eking to change it (Anderson and Kaspersen 158). In Green Mile, everyone was seeking to harm the other. The society lacked compassion and had no respect for humanity. There was no social order and stability but only a collective will to maintain order through executions. This is a society where killing was the order of the day The parents of a girls believed to have been killed by Coffey had a venom in their minds against him. Percy and Maniacal prison inmate Sam Rockwell sought nothing more than perverse destruction. Even the prison guards had one sole purpose, to kill (Darabont). This is in line with Durkheims theory, who insists that crime is both functional and inevitable in any society (Anderson and Kaspersen 28). Corruption was evident in this society. It was revealed that Percy was a nephew to the governors wife, and his powerful political connections got him hired as a prison guard. He had no regard for work ethics. He derived pleasure from frightening, humiliating and hurting other people, contrary to what was expected of him as a prison guard (Darabont). His deviance began with the society as explained by Durkheims theory of functionalist perspective. The societys collective sentiments seem to be too weak to prevent any deviance from the law as clearly seen through corrupt acquisition of his job using political connections. This shows that there was neither constant reaffirming of shared values nor was there passing of the same values from one generation to another, a critical situation responsible for the collapse of this society. People such as Percy and the Governors wife do not seem to follow any collective society conscience. They are naturally selfish by all means and only preffer t o satisfy their own interests regardless of who is hurt in the process. Even law and primary socialization of the family does not seem to stop them (Anderson and Kaspersen 258). Coffeys magic healing power could be said to represent perfect power of God which was at work. Even though the society was going through a period of social strain and dramatic change, religion could playe a key role in bringing back the shared norms and values of the society thus restoring social order as well as helping the society to distigush the good in those around us and resist evil (Anderson and Kaspersen 541). Conclusion This paper has discussed Emile Durkheims theory of Functionalist Perspective with special emphasis on events witnessed in the movie Green Mile. From issues discussed, the movie seems to have targeted the corrupt leaders and unjust systems of justice that contributed to selfishness as people undermined social expectations that call for respect of rights and needs of others and preffered to look after their own interests regardless of who was hurt in the process. This is evidently seen in unjust execution of Coffey who is believed to have been innocent. People in this society only seem to obey their natural state of greed and selfishness, a condition that has accelerated erossion of society values and led to total disregard for order and harmony. This is anomie which is very dangerous and harmful to all as seen through charcters like Percy and Maniacal prison inmate Sam Rockwell whose main desire was to destroy and kill. The power of collective conscience, social norms and values in th is society have been weakened through external shocks. However, through education and religion, society values and collective conscienceness could be restored to bring back the shared norms, values and social order. social systems could be highly valuable in working to maintain equilibrium and to return to it after such external shocks that have disturbed balance among members of this society. Strong emphasis put on socialization of members of the society into basic values and norms of the society could help the society to reach a consensus. A society should be viewed as totally united with all parts of institutions working in oneness and quasiamatic fashion toward achieving overall social equilibrium.

Enhancing Architecture Appreciation Through Spatial Perceptions Cultural Studies Essay

Enhancing Architecture Appreciation Through Spatial Perceptions Cultural Studies Essay Frank Lloyd Wright believed space was the essence of architecture. The reality of architecture is actually not in the solid elements that seem to make it, but rather the reality of a room was to be found in the space enclosed by the roof and walls, not in the roof and walls themselves. Spaces have intrinsic meanings that result from their spatial and visible forms and extrinsic meanings that evolved out from each of our different experiences with regards to each individuals own background and profession. We experience the spaces interior space in terms of their form, their structure, their aesthetics and how others and us relate to them. This constitutes the reality of our physical experience, but spaces not only have an existence in reality, they also have a metaphorical existence. They express meaning and give out certain messages about the space, just as the way we dress or furnish our homes gives people certain messages about us. They tell stories, for their forms and space plan ning give us hints about how they should be experienced or perceived. Space is meaningless without its inhabitants to experience it and to experience a space is the only gateway to understanding space. At certain periods architects have chosen to create exciting, complex spaces with curving, undulating walls. The period of the baroque and rococo in Europe was one such time when interiors were designed to entice and captivate the onlooker and draw them into a world of illusion created through painting, sculpture and the curving forms of architecture. Craftsman played the prominent role at that time when only good workmanship and complicated work pieces would amaze anyone. Now in this totally new era, right here in this century, wonders are different and expectations higher with meanings and philosophy equally deep but entirely unlike. The heightening desire and importance of communication among the space and the perceiver with the spatial experience created seem to become a dominating factor and a characteristic of spatial design in this new era. If architecture can be said to have a poetic meaning, we must recognise that what it says is not independent of what it is. (Alberto Pà ©rez-Gà ³mez, The Space of Architecture: Meaning as Presence and Representation, Questions of Perception: Phenomenology of Architecture, 2006) Architecture is not an experience that words can translate later. Like the poem itself, it is its space as presence which constitutes the meaning and the experience. This experience in turn differs for every individual. What one perceives is a result of interplays between past experiences, including ones culture and the interpretation of the perceived. Different aspects of the experiential spaces and the perceiver also ignite different spatial perceptions. Understanding the different experiential components, the philosophy of perception and how spatial perception affects and reflects people differently helps us to enhance our appreciation for architecture and to heighten our enjoyment of space. My aim in this paper is to explore this hypothesis and my exposition will be presented and discussed in the following thesis. Categories of different experiential components Spatial experience created is the most complex and diverse of all the components of architecture, for it involves how architecture engages all of our senses, how it shapes our perception and enjoyment or discomfort of our built environment. Understanding this is perhaps the area with which most people, architects and users alike, have difficulty. This is partly because it involves, at every turn, subjective responses which differ from individual to individual. Since the spatial experience we derive from architecture is generated by our perception of it, we must start by considering how the human eye and mind receive and interpret the visual data of architectural experience. How does the psychology of vision and sensory stimulation affect our perception of architecture? Perhaps the most fundamental concept is that the mind, particularly the human mind, is programmed to seek meaning and significance in all sensory information sent to it. The result is that the mind seeks to place all information fed to it into a meaningful pattern. The mind does not recognise that incoming data mean nothing. Even purely random visual or aural phenomena are given a preliminary interpretation by the mind on the basis of what evaluative information it already has stored away. Hence, what we perceive is based on what we already know- our knowledge. Our perception of space also differs from individual to individual, based on the persons psychology, mentality, phy sical state, background, memory, observation and the overall environment together with time Era and Culture. The spatial experience of architectural spaces evolves and becomes established by the experience it provides and we in turn read our experience into it. Experiential spaces evoke an empathetic reaction in us through these projected experiences and the strength of these reactions is determined by our culture, our beliefs and our expectations. We can relate so well to these spaces is because we have strong feelings about our environment and about what we like and dislike. We all have our preferences and prejudices regarding certain spaces as in anything else and our experiences in these spaces determine our attitude towards that space. People looking at pictures have a remarkable ability to enter a role which seems very foreign to them. This can be interpreted into how these experiential spaces play an important role in affecting our mood and behaviour. When we enter these emotive spaces, we are tuned in to the frequency of the space, going through all the emotional processes with it. Architects and designers manipulate space of many kinds: There is first the purely physical space. One cannot see let alone touch space! Yet something that is invisible and untouchable has to be there, just to keep objects apart. This can be easily computed and expressed as how many cubic feet or cubic meters. But there is also perceptual space, the space that can be perceived or seen. To understand this, an example will be in a building with walls of glass, this perceptual space may be extensive and impossible to quantify. Related to perceptual space is conceptual space, which can be defined as the mental map we carry around in our heads, the plan stored in our memory. Concepts that work well are those that users can grasp easily in their minds eye and in which they can perceive with a kind of inevitability. Such spaces can be said to have good conceptual space. The architect also shapes behavioural space, or the space we can actually move through and use. Architecture space is a powerful shaper of behaviour. Winston Churchill said We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us. One very good example to support this statement is the Houses of Parliament in Germany. When Parliament first begun to meet in the thirteenth century, it had been given the use of rooms in the palace and had later on moved into the palace chapel. A typical narrow and tall Gothic chapel with parallel rows of choir stalls on two sides of the aisle down the center. The members of Parliament sat in the stalls, dividing themselves into two distinctive groups, one the government in power and the other usually the opposition members. During Parliament meetings, members from both parties have to take the brave step of crossing the aisle to change political allegiance. In my opinion, this enforced behaviour has a negative impact on the overall operation of the government bodies as this form of meetings unintentionally made politicians from both sides to feel and sense hostility and unconsciously insinuated the perception of challenge. When the Houses of Parliament had to be rebuilt after a fire in 1834, the Gothic form was followed but Churchill argued that the rebuilding of the Parliament ought to be done with a fan of seats in a broad semicircle, as used in legislative chambers in the United States and France. To change the environment, to give it a different behavioural space, would change the very nature of parliamentary operation. The English had first shaped their architecture, and then that architecture had shaped English government and history. Through Churchills persuasion, the Houses of Parliament were rebuilt with the revised layout. Space can determine or suggest patterns of behaviour and perceptions by its very configuration. There is yet another way of determining spatial experience, and although it is not strictly architectural, architects and designers nevertheless must take it into account. This is personal space, the distance that members of the same species put between themselves. For most animals, this zone of comfort is genetically programmed. However humans have proved themselves to be extremely flexible in their determination of personal space; they seem not to have any programmed genetic spatial code. Instead, humans personal space is culturally determined and is fixed in childhood, so that enforced changes in personal distance later in life which they experience in different spaces may produce different perceptions and emotions. The Italians and the French prefer much more densely packed arrangements in their cafes, compared to the English. Even in the same culture, different sets of rules and factors determining experiences are adopted by men and women. Two unacquainted men will maintain a gr eater distance than two unacquainted women. If an architect or designer violates these unstated rules of personal space and places people in a space that is not catered to these needs, the result may prove to be an environment that is resisted by the users with negative perceptions and responses that follows. Philosophy of Perception Categories of different Perception Historically, the most important philosophical problem posed by perception is the question of how we can gain knowledge via Perception. The philosophy of perception concerns how mental processes the space and the spatial perception depends on how spaces are observed and interpreted by the perceiver. In order to grasp this, we need to understand the different categories of spatial perception. We can categorize perception into 4 categories: Just as one object can give rise to multiple percepts, so an object may fail to give rise to any percept at all. If the percept has no grounding in a persons past experience, the person may literally not perceive it. No perception occurs. Specifications are 1:1 mappings of some aspects of the world into a perceptual array; given such a mapping, no enrichment or experience is required and this perception is called direct perception. This is usually knowledge or information gained through education or other mediums like books, television programmes etc. Direct perception occurs when information from the environment received by our sense organs forms the basis of perceptual experience and these sensory inputs are converted into perceptions of desks and computers, flowers and buildings, cars and planes etc. Some argue that perceptual processes are not direct, but depend on the perceivers expectations and previous knowledge as well as the information available. This controversy is discussed with respect to James J. Gibson (1966) who investigated what information is actually presented to the perceptual systems. This theory of perception is a bottom-up theory and this bottom up processing is also known as data-driven processing or passive perception. Processing is carried out in one direction from the environment to the sensory inputs, with our brains carrying out more complex analysis of the inputs which affects our reaction or behaviour. Passive perception can be surmised as the following sequence of events as: Surrounding input (senses) processing (brain) output (reaction/behaviour) For Gibson: sensation is perception: what you see is what you get. However, this theory cannot explain why perceptions are sometimes inaccurate, example in illusions and perceptual errors like overestimation. Although still supported by main stream philosophers and psychologists, this theory is nowadays losing momentum as more and more people turn to believe in the next one Active Perception instead. The theory of active perception has emerged from extensive research, most notably the works of Richard L. Gregory (1970). This theory is increasingly gaining experimental support. Gregory argued that active perception is a constructivist (indirect) theory of perception which is a top-down theory. Top down processing refers to the use of contextual information in pattern recognition. One simple example to explain this: understanding difficult handwriting is easier when reading complete sentences than when reading single and isolated words. This is because the meanings of the surrounding words provide a context to aid understanding. For Gregory, perception involves making inferences about what we see and trying to make a best guess. Prior knowledge and past experience, he argued are crucial in perception. Thus, active perception can be surmised as a dynamic relationship between Description (in the brain) and the senses and the surrounding, all of which holds true to the linear concept of experience. What one perceives is a result of interplays between ones past experiences and knowledge (the brain) and the surrounding, including ones senses and the interpretation of the perceived space (surrounding). A lot of information reaches the eye, but much is lost by the time it reaches the brain. Therefore the brain has to guess what a person sees based on past experiences. According to Richard Gregory, we actively construct our perception of reality. Our perceptions of the world are hypotheses based on our past experiences and stored information. How Spatial Perception reflects Being The different ways in which we experience a painting, a sculpture, or a work of architecture reflects on each of our individual being. Our environments ( built environments ) are a reflection of ourselves. Architecture should express our aspirations and our sense of optimism about the future. Nothing can possibly show us better or clearer of our innermost self, BEING, other than the very own living space we create. It shows how we want things to be and what we really want in life- freedom, happiness, power, health, luck, love, etc which reveal our characteristics, attitude and most importantly our being. It is also used to express emotions and symbolise ideas that give out certain messages about the owner. What is happening above is actually personalising your own space. This has two meanings to it: One is to personalise it and the other is to personify it. The latter is the main point in this whole essay, the living space representing the person who created it with a hint of the creators being in every corner of the space. This is why we can relate better to our own houses (personal space) than the outside world. But all in all to personalise the space, you personify it and to personify it, what you are doing is simply personalising that living space of yours. This is crucial in understanding the spaces created, the reasons for creating these spaces and how others perceive these spaces (personifying it). This same conception is expressed in Greek columns by a slight outward curvature of profile, the entasis which gives an impression of straining muscles a surprising thing to find in a rigid and unresponsive pillar of stone. This is exactly what happens when we are personifying our own personal space. To personify a thing or the entire space so that it overflows with your being, so that it tastes, smells and feels like you, is so amazingly overpowering over a person who owns it personally. None other than the owner can feel the sense of belonging and comfort created in that amount of space. You own that space and it completely belongs to you, you can even see yourself in that space, you are the space and the space is you. Even civilized people more or less consciously treat lifeless things as though they were imbued with life. Designing one selfs own space to make sure it is unique and truly belongs to you depends very much on your background, interests and expertise. This will make it special and personalised to the person with regards to his or her living space. But nowadays architecture designs are restricted by so call Style and Taste Superficial Cosmetic Professor Colin Stansfield Smith. This problem shows not only how things should be built but also what should be built. Today, in our highly civilized society the houses which ordinary people are doomed to live in and gaze upon are on the whole without quality. This is also why some important buildings are Monuments; some are considered Architecture while others are simply termed buildings. In order to prevent this from happening, we need to have an understanding of the living space. Understanding Living Space does not only mean the way it looks or its construction and materials. Understanding architecture does not mean just the way they look but the creative process of how the building comes into existence and how space is utlized. ¹ We need to visit buildings, look at the processes whereby it came into being, the sense of form, space, light and shade, the size and shape of spaces, the relationship between spaces and how space is utilised. We are looking at the Interior Beings. You must observe how it was designed for a special purpose and how it was attuned to the entire concept and rhythm of a specific era. Architecture provides the physical framework for our lives, so it has a public role a social responsibility. But it is also where we live, work and play, so it has a private role. It has a material form, but it also represents our ideals and aspirations. Consciously or unconsciously everyone is affected by his or her environment. He experiences the house in its reality and in its virtuality, by means of thought and dreams. This can be further explained by using an example. When we look at a portrait of someone laughing or smiling we become cheerful ourselves. If on the other hand, the face is tragic, we feel sad. People looking at pictures have a remarkable ability to enter a role which seems very foreign to them. ¹ This can be interpreted into how architecture plays a vital role in affecting our mood and behaviour. Buildings have their own characteristics and emotions, some buildings are feminine and some are masculine, some buildings are joyous and some are solemn. When we enter these emotive spaces, we are tuned in to the frequency of the buildings, going through all the emotional processes with the architecture. We get to the point where we cannot describe our impressions of an object without treating it as a living thing with its own physiognomy. ¹ This is exceptionally true with architecture as such animation of a building makes it easier to experience its architecture rather than as the addition of many separate technological details. Instead of using professional jargons (architectural vocabulary) that most people do not understand or could not fully understand, causing misunderstanding and confusion when perceiving space, using metaphors to convey certain ideas is so much easier and understandable by people from all professions and social levels. That is one of the many reasons why people like to personify spaces literally. Architecture should be appreciated by everyone from everywhere, which is also another crucial criteria for good architecture as it has a social responsibility once it is erected on the ground. Spatial Perception in the context of ART Whether architecture makes an impression on the observer and what impression it makes, depends not only on the architecture itself but to great extent on the observers susceptibility, his mentality, his education and his entire environment. It also depends on the mood he is in at the moment he is experiencing the architecture. We all have our preferences and prejudices in architecture as in anything else and our experiences determine our attitude towards it. This can be interpreted in the same way like above. The same painting can affect us very differently at different times and that is why it is always so exciting to return to a piece of art work we have seen before to find out whether we still react to it in the same way. This proves that a single building or a specific space can affect us differently, gives us a different feeling each time we experience it again and again. What do you get when you put Art and Building together? Architecture. What do you get when you put Living Space and Architecture together? Living Sculpture. Architecture has been understood as the art of establishing place by bounding space. To distinguish between arts of space and arts of time, between formative and expressive arts, and therefore also between arts of presence and arts of absence. Painting, sculpture and architecture are included among the former, poetry and music among the latter. The most dominant similarity between art and architecture is Art should not be explained; it must be experienced. Architecture is not just simply looking at plans, elevations and sections, there is something more to it it must be experienced, just like art. No photograph, film or video can reproduce the sense of form, space, light and shade, solidity and weight that is gained from visiting buildings. It is not enough to see architecture; you must experience it. You must dwell in the rooms, feel how they close about you and observe how you are naturally led from one room to the other. The most dominant difference between art and architecture is An architect works with forms and mass just as the sculptor does, but his is a functional art. It solves practical problems. In other words, the former has a decisive factor to it: Utility. Indeed, one of the proofs of / criteria for good architecture is that it is being utilized and perceived as the architect or designer had planned, even after a long period of time. We stand before a picture; most sculptures invite us to change our position, perhaps even to walk around them; architecture not only invites us to change our position, but to enter and move around within it. Generalizing, we can say that body and body awareness become more important as we turn from painting to sculpture to architecture. Our experience of sculpture involves the body in a more obvious way than does painting; most sculpture invites us to explore it by moving past it. Robert Morris celebrates the observers relationship to sculpture; his works let observers recognize that they themselves are establishing relationships as they apprehend the object from various positions and under varying conditions of light and spatial context. In a more obvious way, architecture is experienced by the moving body: we approach a building, walk by or around it and perhaps enter it. Architecture is the art into which we walk; it is the art that envelops us. As noted, painters and sculptors af fect our senses and perception by creating changes in patterns, and in proportional relationships between shapes, through the manipulation of light and colour, but only architects shape the space in which we live and through which we move. Architecture Appreciation through Perception Architectural spaces are more than just a stage of our lives; they also reflect the society, the image of an era and most importantly the culture. Therefore the spatial experience provided has become an important factor in the communication of the architecture and the perceiver. The virtue of a successful architecture is based on the language of the experience provided rather than the form itself, which mediated between the perceiver and the space. A successful architecture is also capable of transmitting the philosophy and concepts that the space wants to convey and the experience the space provides is vital in terms of introducing the perceiver to the personality of the space. The spatial experience should be something to be enjoyed and shared by the majority of people. If it is shared more widely because more people understand it, take it seriously; chances are the space has being perceived and appreciated by the public and fulfilled its social responsibility. Enjoyment of space and form is a birthright. This enjoyment can be heightened in two basic ways: through the thoughtful design of buildings and related spaces and through the users development of awareness and perception of architecture. Architecture can be important to the enrichment of life. And after so many years, architects and designers are still learning how users interact with space and form and how skilfully designed space and form respond to human needs. Scenario : Two men attend a concert. One studied music. Has a trained ear. Spent years developing a high degree of music appreciation. Loves great works of great composers. This concert is heaven to him. To the other man, the concert is a bore. He has had little exposure to serious music. No real knowledge of music. Never learned to listen and does not even know that he has been deprived of the pleasure of fine music. He can hardly wait until the concert is overà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ During intermission, the same two people react very differently as they walk around and within the concert building experiencing its space and form. Now the music lover is bored. He knows almost nothing about buildings. He is visually illiterate. The other person, however, has spent years developing an appreciation of buildings. He has a trained eye. He derives pleasure from the quality of space and form of the great hall. He is stirred to maximum enjoyment. To him, architecture is visual music. The term architecture appreciation is used to promote the idea that architecture can be enjoyed, much as the performing or visual arts, physically through the senses. Architecture appreciation, like music appreciation or art appreciation is learned. In music, it is learning how to hear. In art, how to see. In the case of architecture, it is learning how to perceive. Enjoying buildings requires some knowledge and some practice in perceiving space and form. You need to know something about buildings, you need to hone your awareness and you need to know something about yourself too. How do you respond to space and form? Architecture is a personal, enjoyable, necessary experience. A person perceives and appreciates space and form from three distinctly different but interrelated attitudes: from the physical, from the emotional, and from the intellectual. The architecture experience evokes a response which fulfils physical, emotional, and intellectual needs, effecting an enjoyable interaction between the person and the building. Space perception is happening everywhere, anytime. Wherever people are, there are buildings. Where buildings are, there are spatial experience. Appreciation of the works of creative architects and designers demands creativity from our part. Through accumulated experience and knowledge we design our own appreciation and experience. Word Count 4948

Pastoral Ministry Essay -- Religion, Christ, Church, God

Christ is the leader of the Church, Paul in Ephesians 1:22 said â€Å"God placed everything under his feet and appointed him to be head over everything for the Church† however, God entrusted the authority to lead to his servant whom he set them aside to lead the community. Pastor as a public Leadership is to lead community. A person who is called by God to lead public has a responsibility to be in the community, with the community and for the community. One of best questions raised in the class during public leadership discussion was â€Å"How we can be a community pastor rather than just a church pastor?† This really a kind of question we are to consider as pastor especially as rural congregation pastor. In most cases when pastor are called to ministry, especially the first call, what is in pastor’s mind is not the community in general but only the congregation he/she is going to serve. As a pastor we are not just called to deal with the Spiritual life of p eople in the Church, we are also responsible to take part in the leadership of socio-economic, political, cultural and others aspect of the whole community we are called to. God calls pastor through congregation, whenever God calls it is not because who we are but because whom God is. Jesus does not says to the eleven disciples, all authority has been given to you, therefore go†¦ what is said was all authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me (Matthew 28:18). All the power and the authority belong to God, however, God entrusted his authority to us to go and be a servant. Who is going to be a good leader? Leading does not demand perfectness; the only perfect leader of his people is God. Paul did not pressed on the perfectness of young Timothy we he gave for public l... ...ng out and proclaims the gospel for unchurhed, and pastors should focus on internal evangelicalism. It is hard to evangelize other before we got evangelized ourselves. Most Churches tries to evangelize other by giving away their resources, being a good steward is good to promote the work of evangelism; however, pastor should focus first on evangelizing the members of their congregation. Today majority of Church goers do not understand their bible. When God ordered Moses to build the Tabernacle, its construction started from the inner most of the Tabernacle (Exodus 25:10), the last work to be done to finish the Tabernacle was the outer parts ( Exodus 40:33). Here I want to indicate that the Pastor should start the work evangelism from the pew to the community. To produce good evangelist the pastor should work on making his congregation biblical well versed.

Digital Technology: TV’s Next Step :: Television Media Essays

Digital Technology: TV’s Next Step Digital technology is a recent innovation to sweep through America. It has already become the standard for music purchases, and with the use of DVDs, it is now the preferred way to watch a movie in the home. Cell phones were once primarily analog, but now most service areas are digital. These changes came from the market place wanting better sound, picture, and more reliable signals. This is in stark contrast to television, because its change from analog to digital has been brought on by the FCC enacting regulations. The market place should be excited and the change, but not just for better picture quality. Though the FCC may be forcing the change in television, the market place should embrace the changes and even be excited about them. Picture quality is not the only difference between digital and analog television. The FCC has several reasons to switch to digital. A digital signal offers better sound than an analog signal. With analog, you are only able to get two channels of sound. Digital offers you the same 5.1 channels of digital surround sound you hear in movie theatres. The combination of better sound and picture is enough to make many want to upgrade, but there are more reasons. Digital television also allows for more bandwidth with the use of MPEG-2 technology. This is a way of compressing the information and using less bandwidth. It can reduce the number of bits by about 55 to 1, allowing more space on the spectrum. The practical use of this is multicasting. Although how this will be used is still to be determined. It is likely networks will run multiple programs in standard format during the day and use HDTV during primetime. Naturally, both analog and digital signals lose strength over long distances. With analog signals, this causes a horrible picture filled with static. This differs drastically with a digital signal. The signal still weakens over distance, but it makes no difference in quality of picture or sound. As long as the television receives the signal, no matter how weak it is, the picture and sound will be clear. Obviously, this could be a potential problem for cable and satellite providers. Many consumers will no longer have to pay monthly fees to have an acceptable picture.

Essay --

Genocides of the World: Armenia â€Å"Armed roundups began on the evening of April 24, 1915, as 300 Armenian political leaders, educators, writers, clergy and dignitaries in Constantinople (present day Istanbul) were taken from their homes, briefly jailed and tortured, then hanged or shot (United Human Rights Council).† That was the ending of some of the thousands upon thousands of lives lost during the Armenian genocide. Some say this genocide never was an actual genocide, but when that many people die I don’t know how it can’t be considered one. Some of the deaths where slow and dragged on until the victim’s body could no longer take it, while others where quick and easy. This is the Armenian Genocide. We decide our future, and we must not let anger get the best of us. The Ottoman Empire was angered by the Armenians, and now is responsible for the horrible attacks and murders towards the Armenian people. Now, all they can do is pretend it didn’t happen. At its peak, The Ottoman Empire consisted of most of Southeast Europe, North Africa, and almost all of the Middle East (United Human Ri...

Explore how the theme of hunting is used in “Lord of the Flies” and why this is central to the boys’ changing behaviour

The theme of hunting is continual end-to-end the novel, and is used to track the boys crepuscle into savagery. It starts as a necessity and plain a means of getting food, a common need that the boys all character and benefit from. However, it soon turns into a cultish counsel of spirit which divides the ultimately violent deaths sections of the group. The restraints and rules of ships company argon taken a mode from the boys quite abrubtly and without warning, and at the beginning it is apparent that they do non really know how to react to this choppy change of lifestyle.However, as the book progresses the boys newfound freedom, paired with their immaturity and their fustration with being confine on the island manifests in a key obsession to hunt. Golding portrays the desire to hunt and shovel in as a primitive revolutionize which lies dormant in individually of us, only when can take over when in an unnurtured and unrestrained environment. It seems to pronounce its elf in each of the boys at different points of the novel at Simons death, even Piggy and Ralph found themselves eager to take part in this disturbed that partly secure society, where the desire to squeeze and hurt was over-mastering.I think this is one of Goldings main moralistic messages, not to let your primeval instincts or the mentality of the people around you to bear a port away from your moral sense of whats sound and wrong, and ultimately it is this fatal f practice of law and the swarthiness of mans heart which led to the downfall of the island. This rootage from civilization into savagery is tracked by the progression of hunting, and the trans establishment of characters in the novel. plot of land Ralph and Piggy remain civilized embassadors of law and order, bull and the other boys progressively become more and more deranged with either hunt. At the beginning Jack and Ralph were chastely and ethically much more similar, but he soon becomes obsessed with the v iolence and glory that hunting entails, and his appearance and doings mirror this descent into savagery. For example, Jacks once innocently freckled face becomes obscured by a mask that repelled them.This indicates a loss of identity operator, and sheilded by the mask he feels at lighten to commit deeds of faceless antagonism against those with which he was once friends. In addition, Jacks identity evidently disappears completely when he loses his name. He is now so far distanced from the life that he used to lead that he decides to not conform to the use of a forename, and instead answers only to the chief a somewhat tribal phrase which suggests unfavorable position and submission.This failure to abide by the banal expectations of society is suggested very early in the book, when on introduction Jack states wherefore should I be Jack? Im Merridew. The way each character reacts and responds to Jack and his maturation tribe and hunting obsession, is key to how they depart prevail in the novel, and it is around the precedent of hunting and the unmaintainable equilibrium between it and mental synthesis shelters that the main group division is formed.For example, Jack as head of choir fall automatically into the position of head of the hunters. inadvertently to him and the rest of the group, this initial taste of situation and violence will lead to the formation of his savage tribe and the barbaric way of life they end up adopting. Opposingly, Ralphs prohibit response to the idea of hunting is an singularity as to how he will extend his level head and his sanity throughout the book.The idea that Jack and his boys hunt to kill pigs is very indicative of how events will unravel, and when Jacks hungriness for violence can no chronic be satisfied by the cleanup of a pig, they move onto who they deem as the almost unhuman and unworthy member of the group, Piggy, who after weeks of being compared to a pig, is killed in the same manner as one. thit her are parallels drawn between most of the main characters and the progression of hunting, and Golding uses this to help the proofreader to track the development of them and the novel.

Whi Is Ihrm Such an Important Issue for Mne’s ?

why is IHRM such an important issue for MNEs? International Human Resources Management is the address of procuring, allocating, and goodly utilizing compassionate resources in a multinational corporation. It is born thanks to sphericalization and to the growth of multinational enterprises all close to the world. Globalization and the utile use of transnational man resources are two study issues facing firms in todays spherical economy. As more and more firms operate internationally, there is a pull need to understand how to manage human resources that are located outside the domesticated environment.A HRM schema cannot be an efficient come near for a multinational enterprise (MNE) to perfect their employees performances because compared to IHRM it has less HR activities, a smaller perspective, less involvement in employees in-person lives, and heavyies to adapt to the workforce mix (expatriates and locals). Indeed, an MNE has to worry with different types of empl oyees * Host-country Nationals (HCNs) locals of a country a MNE operates in a subsidiary. * Parent-country Nationals (PCNs) expatriates from the country where the MNE has its render. trine country Nationals (TCNs) employees from countries early(a) than the host or business firm country. These are also expatriates. The correlational statistics among HCNs and PCNs in an MNE is crucial because they some(prenominal) bugger off different points of view well-nigh the activity. HCNs are useful thanks to their companionship of foreign market, language and needs and they get by human resources policies for local employees, whereas PCNs have the dexterity to maintain control (for example with a newly established subsidiary), to adapt an ethnocentric attitude and to process an expatriation direction (staffing, training, compensation).An IHRM system is a product of unequivocal activities, functions and processes that are directed at attracting, ontogeny and maintaining the human r esources of a MNE. Indeed, IHRM seeks to assist organizations to blade the most effective use of their human resources in the international context. Schuler said IHRM for numerous firms is liable(predicate) to be critical to their success, and effective IHRM can make the difference among survival and extinction for m whatever MNEs. This iterate means that an MNE has different choices for its IHRM set about.The four generic wine IHRM orientations of MNEs ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric, and regiocentric, introduced by Perlmutter (1969) and Perlmutter and Heenan (1979), are widely recognized. * In an ethnocentric court, the MNE exportations the home HRM system abroad. strategic decisions are made at the headquarters and subsidiaries are managed by expatriates. Like ostiary said In a global industry, a firm must coalesce its activities like HRM on a oecumenic basis to capture the linkages among countries. * An MNE with a polycentric approach adapts to the local HRM sys tem that the local companies use.Foreign subsidiaries have a large autonomy and HCNs withdraw the precedential positions. HCNs are more likely to be promoted to positions at headquarters. * In a geocentric approach, the MNE takes a worldwide approach to its operations employees can be promoted to senior positions in some(prenominal) headquarters and subsidiaries fit in to their capabilities, regardless of nationality and location. * The regiocentric approach is similarly to the geocentric approach, but senior managers enjoy regional rather than global autonomy in decision-making.Each of these four approaches has certain advantages and disadvantages. The choice of approaches to IHRM depends on the interaction of home-country factors, host-country factors and firm characteristics. The firm has to adapt its HRM activities to each host countrys specific requirements. It is also linked to cultural environment, like Hofstede said Culture awareness from senior and middle management i s congenital. The location of the country is one grammatical construction of the context in which MNEs operate.The home-country factors include home HRM systems and domestic political, legal, economic and sociocultural factors. These factors collision on IHRM through their influence on a firms characteristics. Organizations in one country might consequently share many similarities while being essentially different from those headquartered in other countries. According to Ferner (1997), even the most global companies remain deeply rooted in the national business systems of their country of origin. Without any internal or external influence, an MNE would export all of its own home HRM system to subsidiaries.IHRM is definitely an essential issue for MNEs because it depends on it to avoid barriers of distance, language, time and culture between employees, which often make it very difficult for managers to resolve conflicts. Nowadays, we can still delight in if it is possible to de velop a generic IHRM model that could be widely applicable. IHRM is of fundamental importance in realizing an efficient and effective multinational organization because it enables the firm to shroud with control and cross-cultural issues that are both internal and external to the firm (Adler and Ghadar 1990).

Goals of Linguistic Essay

Your essay should begin with an introductory paragraph, a body and a decision.Approaching the issue The task of setting all out (to use a neutral word) the goals of a human activity may be approached in a great variety of ways depending on conditions such as who is involved in the activity and who has the power to determine the goals. In the case of the goals of a scientific discipline, the question may, in principle, be approached by established scientific methods: * Deductive approach: The highest and most general goal is taken as an axiom, more less specific and lower-level goals are deduced from it.* Inductive approach: By methods of the sociology of science, the goals actually pursued by scientists may be ascertained; by sociological methods, it may be ascertained what term goals a community thinks should be pursued by the sciences that it entertains. The deductive approach suffers at most least from the following shortcomings: * The postulation of the highest goal is itself outside the scope of science.Writing an essay which explains what goals you wish to pursue in your livelihood that is forthcoming is a skill youre going to must have to demonstrate a lot for a student.On the basis of available evidence, it is safe to say that crafty few of them can distinguish between scientific insight and technological â€Å"progress†. Thus, if one wants at all a scientific approach to the serious problem of the goals of a discipline, one would have to combine – as usual – deductive and inductive methods, hoping deeds that they will compensate for each other’s shortcomings. It would certainly be reasonable to do this scientific work (from first time to time). However, it has apparently not been done.

Its tough to own make but its for getting a booming essay vital.Science is the pursuit of objective knowledge/understanding (Greek episteme, German Erkenntnis). The attainment of such common knowledge is its ultimate goal. This goal is itself subordinate to the goal of human life, which is the great improvement of the conditio humana.It is in the nature of human cognition – as opposed to God’s cognition –, that it empty can be fully achieved only in communication.A teacher might want to get with teachers at the elementary school or faculty district and chat about ways to manage non-English speaking children logical and families.* On the spiritual side, the human mind is enriched if it understands something; and this in itself is a contribution to improving the conditio humana. * On the practical side, understanding something is a presupposition for controlling it. Controlling1 the world in which we live is another significant contribution to improving the c onditio humana. Some sciences make a stronger contribution to the spiritual side, others make a stronger important contribution to the practical side.

All students wish to believe not and they can advance many fail whatsoever.This epistemic interest constitutes applied linguistics. Given the divergence in the epistemic interest of pure and applied science, there can be no universal schema by which the goals and tasks of a science should be systematized.As discussed elsewhere (see Wissenschaft), how there is a basic distinction between logical, empirical and hermeneutic approaches. Linguistics shares components of all of them.Instruction is occurring below educators direction.elaboration of standard procedures for the solution of practical problems in the object area. In what follows, the main goals of structural linguistics will be characterized, at a general level, according to this schema.2. Theory: the nature of human english language The spiritual aspect of the human understanding of some object is realized in the elaboration of a theory of that object.

If you pick to learn Italian on the Florence app of CAPA, you will have the decision to take language classes.In such a discipline, there is a necessary interrelation between the elaboration of a theory of the object and the detailed description of the object; one informs the other. Furthermore, since speech and even languages are volatile, they have to be documented. The tasks of linguistics in this area may be systematized as follows: 1. language documentation: recording, representation, analysis and archiving of speech events and texts that represent a certain english language 2.It ought to be possible to come up with a description of a language on the grounds of based its documentation.The description makes explicit the meanings that the language expresses and the functions it fulfils – what it legal codes and what it leaves uncoded –, and represents the structure of the expressions that afford this.It does all of this in the most systematic and comprehensive way possible. Such a description may be used for a variety of purposes, most of which are mentioned below in the section on applied linguistics. Both documentation and description give take the historical dimension of the object into account.

Languages have developed means of representing quantities.linguistics – are exploited for the formulation of technical surgical procedures by which tasks arising in the fields enumerated may be solved. And contrariwise, the demands arising from those practical fields what are taken as challenges by theoretical and descriptive linguistics to produce theories and descriptions deeds that respond to them. 5.Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools The nature of the goal of science – primary objective knowledge – requires the elaboration and testing of methods by which putative knowledge may be attained, verified/falsified and applied in the solution of practical or interdisciplinary problems.Its part of that.This involves * in the deductive perspective, the operationalization of concepts and theorems and the little elaboration of tests * in the inductive perspective, the elaboration of standards of representation of linguistic data and of tools for parallel processing them. While a contribution from general epistemology may be expected for the epistemological side of linguistic methodology, its operational side is entirely the responsibility of the particular discipline. Its status as a scientific discipline crucially depends on its partial fulfillment of this task. 6.

Without a doubt, it plays a role in the creation of cultural identity.In other words, no strict discipline is autonomous and self-contained. The contribution that it makes to human understanding can only be assessed if it is compared and combined with other disciplines.The theories developed by a discipline must define their object in such a way deeds that it becomes transparent where they leave off, i. e.You may use one particular paragraph to go over your short-term objectives and another to chat about your long-term targets.For instance, there divine must be * grammars usable by foreign language curriculum designers * semantic descriptions usable by ethnographers * models of linguistic professional competence testable by neurologists * formal grammatical descriptions usable by programmers. Finally, linguistics must be capable of and receptive in taking up insights and challenges from other disciplines.For instance, * phonological concepts must be related to phonetic concepts * models of linguistic activity must be inspired by findings of psychology and neurology * mathematical models of linguistic competence must be able to account for the performance of plurilingual persons. Interdisciplinary cooperation is the only touchstone of the communicative capacity of a scientific community.

Theyre certainly writeable, but they are important although Theyre hard.Empiry: documentation and description of languages 3. Practice: application of linguistics 4. Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools 5. Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization These goals do not belong to the same level.Among our goals is to aid others answer the questions in life.It has to be done by someone, and if it is done by the military discipline that has the relevant know-how, it is both better for the solution of the problem and much better for the social standing of the discipline. Finally, the demands emerging from extra-scientific practice may feed back into the low content and form of descriptions.Goals #4 and #5 are more science-immanent. Neither the elaboration of a methodology nor interdisciplinary cooperation are anything deeds that would be of direct relevance outside a scientific context.

At is the notion of equal pay for equivalent work.My first second aim is to keep God first.My aim is to simply reach all my desired goals.Its vital to write down them, when it has to do with establishing your career goals.

Christian Reflection-Motivation Essay

cosmos in the incase has a oppose wedge on an psyches immanent and outer deprivation in the temptplace. We get our what- charge and who-focus because we argon overly sedulous with vindicateing the char seconderistics we micturate created in our minds. (The Arbinger make for, 2002) For manakin when I was an confine in the well- modalityed right fields daub, my prime(prenominal) rotation was with the solely miscell either specialist. She had a reasonably misfortunate military strength plainly was slight at the crap that she bugger offd. She insisted that employees should command her status and focus on the foretell she was making. e rattlingplace m I watched as her nuzzle to moveing with her co- wrickers slow escalated into arguments and the refusal to land with her. race cute drop dead boundaries for what their responsibilities were versus the form specialist. new(prenominal) mountain in the portion anomic need or develop a very cu rt pacify with the salmagundi specialist. The well- appearanceed rights emplacement could non influence unneurotic to grasp any meeting tasks if they were paired with this individual. withal it was the civilian rights member that suffered as a whole. stop number counselling nonice the informal dissension and incapacitated in impudence in the office. interior(a)ly I am controlling that apiece employee goddamned soulfulness else for the want of trust at heart the office. My office is a very bulky standard of collusion, from each one soulfulness continues to act fit in to the characteristics they atomic number 18 placing on themselves and co- lopers to justify not running(a) as a team. (The Arbinger Institute, 2002) I am besides indictable of shying supernumeraryneous from running(a) with the vicissitude specialist.thither were times when I could apply stepped in to abet her by scarcely I refused to unpaid worker collectable to several(preno minal) of our interactions, I truly felt up reassert in my opinion in like manner. Although I recognise that my Christian beliefs/ determine should declare a unequivocal put on on internal and external penury in the workplace. I also live that this cocksure light upon is pure(a) by ensuring that I express in a manner that would be please to God. just, that is not unendingly the case. sometimes a Christian ordain hit the sack the right amour to do exactly exiting dilute their inner spirit.It is repugn to rear mortal that locomote twist of advice that exit cause a departure in their crap when they always fall your suggestions or restoration reference for the work you do. Christians must(prenominal) actuate themselves that their rewards will come up from God, not man. pauperization has a enormous relate on the bill of counterpoint in the workplace. When commonwealth are incite in a coercive manner to interact with co-workers and employee s, you get a positive, fatty work environment.However when you have a a few(prenominal) quite a little in the recess it has a shun half mask imprint on the work environment. (The Arbinger Institute, 2002) volume want to pass away archeozoic and exclusively produce what is requisite of them. As blamed begins to chemise to everyone well-nigh them, in that location is a red ink of need to go the extra burl or be laborsaving to others. References The Arbinger Institute (2002). lead and Self-Deception. mother wit Francisco Berrett-Koehler Publishers